Operations Research Questions

Pace University [email  protected] Faculty Working Papers Lubin School of Business 11-1-1999 The Mystery of Linear Programming Explained: Second Edition Jack Yurkiewicz Pace University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons. pace. edu/lubinfaculty_workingpapers Recommended Citation Yurkiewicz, Jack, â€Å"The Mystery of Linear Programming Explained: Second Edition† (1999). Faculty Working Papers. Paper 21. http://digitalcommons. pace. edu/lubinfaculty_workingpapers/21 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Lubin School of Business at [email  protected]It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Working Papers by an authorized administrator of [email  protected] For more information, please contact [email  protected] edu. WORKING PAPERS No. 191 November 1999 The Mystery of Linear Programming Explained: Second Edition by Jack Yurkewicz, Ph. D. Professor of Management Science and Director of the Advanced Professional Certifica te Program Lubin School of Business Pace University THE MYSTERY OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING EXPLAINEDSECOND EDITION As Recounted by John H. Watson, M. D.Edited by Jack Yurkiewicz, Ph. D. Jack Yurkiewicz is Professor of Management Science and Director of the Advanced Professional Certificate Program at the Lubin School of Business, Pace University. Introduction INTRODUCTION I hadn't seen my old friend and companion, Sir Sherlock Holmes (he had been knighted by the Queen and insisted that this appellation be used) in several months. Feeling that I had slighted him, I rang him up and told him I would be stopping by the next day to see how his new business venture was progressing.Holmes was truly glad to hear my voice and urged that we have lunch together. While he hinted that his firm, of which he was the sole employee, was doing well, he did indeed wish to discuss a business proposition with me. Needless to say, I was intrigued. I won’t bother to bore you, dear reader, with some of o ur mundane conversation the next day save to say that I found Holmes to be moodier than ever. The great detective had long ago become bored with crime solving, claiming there was little challenge in solving many of the violent crimes that seemed so prevalent in our society.The firm that he started provided consulting service to corporations, in which he would use his mental abilities to help managers solve their business-related problems. Holmes explained to me that he enjoyed the challenge of his new endeavors but was finding it increasingly difficult to converse with these â€Å"business types,† as he called them. He just didn't have the patience to explain his findings to them, for he found them curiously dull. Holmes went on to say that he had no doubt that this fact was the cause of the country's lack of success in the international business environment.I didn't want to say it, but I thought to myself that the fault might not be solely with the business managers he was d ealing with, but partially with him, for I myself frequently found him short-tempered and impatient, even during his ordinary conversations with me. In any case, his proposition to me was simple. Holmes: Listen, Watson, I just can't bear the thought of explaining to these so-called â€Å"leaders† how they should be running their firms. They come to me with some specific problem, usually ill-defined, and then expect me to come up with a solution.I have found that getting the solution is fairly trivial, but I have the dickens of a time trying to explain it to them! You have a solid head on your shoulders, old fellow. Suppose you became my partner. Your only job would be to explain to them the solution that I propose, for I fear that my patience is not as long as yours is. Watson: The thought intrigues me, for I have been cutting back on my practice lately and do find myself available with more free time. What procedures do you use to get your results?Holmes: Mostly a branch of mathematics called â€Å"operations research,† which incidentally has its roots in this country during the Second World War. I collect the data, enter it on a computer I have in my study, and in almost an instant, I get the results. Watson: Well, I am afraid that tears it, Holmes. I don't know the first thing about operations research and thus could not possibly explain it to others. I did try to learn the subject several years back. I bought a college textbook on the subject and spent several frustrating days trying to learn linear programming.The subject seemed understandable enough, but I became hopelessly 1 The Mystery of Linear Program Explained lost on the mechanics of the simplex algorithm. I was working with equations and performing what the author called â€Å"elementary row operations. † Believe me, there was nothing elementary about it. After three days I threw the book down in disgust and came to the conclusion that only masochists or the temporarily insane would ever try to fathom such a subject. Holmes: I fear you overestimate the subject's complexity, but the point is irrelevant.No one really does these things by hand anymore, and so it was just your poor fortune to buy a book that was obsolete. All is now done with the aid of the computer. In fact, I am using a program called Solver, which is a part of Excel which is unusually easy to use and powerful. I will explain the computer output to you, along with its ramifications, and then you in turn will explain it to the manager in question. It really is quite simple, and if I may say, also lucrative. The more Holmes spoke, the more interested I became.His power of persuasion was truly formidable, and in the end, against much misgiving on my part, I agreed to enter into this venture on a trial basis. Holmes was satisfied with my decision and proposed that we start immediately with a problem that he had completed the other day that he was due to report on the following week. HOLMES DES CRIBES THE CASE Holmes: The Maximus Computer Company (MCC) has four basic computers it sells to students and small business people. The first, called the Starter, is a basic, â€Å"no-frills† computer.It has most of the amenities that a new user or a buyer on a strict budget could want, including CDROM with sound, an entry-level processor, a small hard disk, a modem for Internet access, and a 15-inch monitor. The second model, called the Midrange, is for more demanding users. This model offers a faster processor, larger hard disk, more RAM, a DVD player, and a 17-inch monitor. The third model, the Super, provides just about all the computing power a user could want. It offers even more RAM, a very fast processor, a large hard disk, a DVD player with hardware decoder, and a 17-inch monitor.All but the most demanding users would be very happy with the Super. However, for those who want the very â€Å"best,† the company offers the Extreme which offers a state-of-the-art p rocessor, a huge hard disk, the best multimedia package (the latest generation DVD ROM with a five-piece speaker system), a CD re-writable drive, a 19inch monitor, etc. Thus, while the company offers only four models, it feels there is enough flexibility to cover most of the target computer audience. It is a small start-up company and management knows it has to compete against the heavily entrenched products from Dell, IBM, Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, and Gateway.The company philosophy is to ship computers with brandknown components and offer superior service, all at a cost to consumers that is lower than the competition's. Watson: Well, Holmes, I believe I know about the philosophy of the company and its immediate goals. Can you please tell me more about the four models of computers we offer? 2 How the Operation Works Holmes: As I said, Maximus makes four models with different levels of features, all with the same customer support. They believe that whatever the sophistication of the machine, customer support should be â€Å"top notch† and not deteriorate with the price.In the long run, that will generate customer good will and promote their growth in the market. Watson: I agree whole-heartedly. Tell me a bit more about the computers themselves. HOW THE OPERATION WORKS Holmes: As you probably know, the computer industry is currently very competitive, and profit margins are low for each model. The net profit on a Starter is $50, for a Midrange it is $120, for a Super it is $250, and for an Extreme it is $300. These figures already take into account material, labor, depreciation, taxes, shipping, etc. In other words, these are the net profits to the company for each computer sold.Watson: Eventually we can delve into how these values are determined and perhaps how we can increase them, but for now, let’s assume that they are sacrosanct. What else can you tell me about the operation? Holmes: Management has, what they call â€Å"three operations† that make a computer. They call the first operation manufacture. This includes taking the customer’s phone call and determining which computer and options he or she wants and getting that information to the management of the production staff. They in turn will get the necessary components and make them available to the workers on the assembly line.The second operation is referred to as assembly, where the workers on the assembly line actually put together the computer, according the specifications of the customer’s order. These are skilled workers who take pride in their work, and even though they work on an assembly line, they do not have an â€Å"assembly line mentality,† for they believe they are making custom products for specific customers. The last operation is called inspection. Here we install the software, run various diagnostic tests, and generally check out and pack up the computer before we send it to the customer. Watson: I see. operations?Do you h ave approximate time figures on how long it takes to do these Holmes: It is a function of the computer. However, they have been doing this for some time now and so the time values do not vary all that much from machine to machine. Thus, for instance, for a Starter, we can assume 0. 1 hours for manufacture, 0. 2 hours for assembly, and 0. 1 hours for inspection. Our units are always in hours,I hope that doesn’t confuse you. Watson: Not at all. Actually, I’m used to minutes and so I am making mental transformations, but since the â€Å"company units† are always measured in hours, I will use those also.Tell me the corresponding values for the other computers. 3 The Mystery of Linear Programming Explained Holmes: For a Midrange, we use 0. 2 hours to manufacture, 0. 5 hours to assemble, and 0. 2 hours for inspection. Each Super requires 0. 7 hours to manufacture, 0. 25 hours to assemble, and 0. 3 hours inspection and testing. Finally, the Extreme gets 0. 8 hours to m anufacture, 0. 2 hours to assemble, and 0. 5 hours for inspection. As I said, these numbers really don’t vary all that much from machine to machine, but as you can see, they do differ from model to model.Watson: Very well. What about your resources? How many people, or should I say, how many people-hours are available to do those three operations? Holmes: I agree with you that we should talk in terms of people-hours. I have been using the term â€Å"man-hours† for many years and if I lapse into that gender-specific term, please forgive me. To avoid offending you, I will just use the word â€Å"hours† from now on, but I hope you know I mean â€Å"people-hours† when I say it. Watson: Have no fear on my account, Holmes. My sensibilities will not be hurt if you use the older term â€Å"man-hours. What numbers do you have? Holmes: On a daily basis, management informed me that the company has 250 hours available for manufacture, 350 hours available for assembl y, and 150 hours to do the inspection and testing. Watson: I presume that with all this information, we can proceed to model the problem as a linear program. Holmes: Indeed, Watson. As I intimated earlier, we can solve linear programs with Excel. Excel comes with an add-on package called Solver that is easy to use and yet powerful enough to solve most mathematical programming problems.All we have to do is make a spreadsheet model of the problem and Solver will do the rest. Watson: Well, that certainly is good news. I use Excel and I have made many models. But how do you make a linear program model in Excel? MODELING THE PROBLEM IN EXCEL Holmes: Have a look at the Excel spreadsheet model here on my computer, Watson. It is imperative that you first learn how to model a problem in a spreadsheet. Once you master this skill, we can then proceed to discuss how Solver can be used to get the answer for us.Cells B1, C1, D1, and E1 give the labels of our computers, which in linear programming terminology are called decision variables. We want the values of these variables to appear in cells B2, C2, D2, and E2. Excel’s Solver will call these cells the changing cells. We put the per-unit profit of each computer into cells B4 through D4. These numbers are traditionally called the objective function coefficients. We must enter a formula into cell I2 (which we labeled as the Profit in cell I1) that will give the net profit for all the computer’s made. 4 Modeling the Program in ExcelA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 B Starter 0 50 0. 1 0. 2 0. 1 C Midrange 0 120 0. 2 0. 5 0. 2 D Super 0 250 0. 7 0. 25 0. 3 E Extreme 0 300 F G H I Profit 0 max manufacture assembly inspection Available 0. 8 250 0. 2 350 0. 5 150 Used Slack 0 250 0 350 0 150 Watson: I know how to do that. We would type in cell I2 the formula: =B2*B4 + C2*C4 + D2*D4 + E2*E4 Algebraically, we are saying, with this formula: 50(Starters) + 120(Midrange) + 250(Super) + 300(Extreme) Of course, the value in cell I2 is ze ro because we have zero values for the number of computers made in cells B2 through E2.Holmes: Well done, Watson! You should know that there is a shortcut to this rather tedious formula. Excel has the built-in function, SUMPRODUCT, which will save us much typing. That is, in cell I2 we can simply type: =SUMPRODUCT(B2:E2,B4:E4) That says: multiply the values in cells B2 through E2 by the corresponding values in the cells B4 through E4 respectively, and then add up the results. That gives us the same result as your formula. However, it is easier to input, since we need just type in the =sumproduct, highlight the ranges, and type the parentheses.The result is our total profit, which Solver calls the target cell. Watson: I suspect that we will be using that sumproduct function again. Tell me about the other items I see in your spreadsheet. Holmes: Our model is incomplete. We need to specify the constraints. These account for the technological, economic, or other limitations of the syste m, and restrict the values of the decision variables to some feasible set. We have three constraints in our problem: manufacturing, assembly, and inspection. Our manufacturing constraint is: 0. 1(Starter) + 0. 2(Midrange) + 0. 7(Super) + 0. 8(Extreme)

EPA †Policy-making in the Federal System Essay

The federal government enacted the Clean Air Act, so as to protect the citizens of the United States. At the same time Congress created the Environmental Protection Agency with its primary role of regulating and the enforcement of environmental policies at the state and tribal levels. A brief history on air pollution, in October 1928 in the industrial town of Donora Pennsylvania a thick cloud formed. This thick cloud lingered for five days, causing sickness in 6,000 and killing 20 of the town’s people. And in 1952, over 3,000 people died in London to what is known as the â€Å"Killer Fog†. These events alerted the federal government to the dangers that can come from air pollution and the public health issues that can arise from pollutants in the air. The original Clean Air Act of 1963 was passed, establishing funding for the study and cleaning of air pollution. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established and began operating on December 2, 1970. The EPA’s primary responsibility is enforcing and regulating the laws, these regulations and laws are for protecting the environment and public health. The EPA is a regulatory agency that Congress has authorizes to write regulation that explains the critical details that are necessary to implement environmental laws. (epa.gov/laws-regulation) The Clean Air Act – 42 U.S.C.  §7401 et seq. (1970), regulated air emissions from stationary and mobile sources. With the approval of this Act the EPA was able to establish the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) which regulates emissions of hazardous air pollutants that can harm public health. The Energy Policy Act – 42 USC  §13201 et seq. (2005) addressing energy  production in the United States, such as Energy efficiency; Renewable energy; Oil and gas; Coal; Nuclear matters; Vehicles and motor fuels. This Act provides loan guarantees for entities that develop or use inventive was that avoid producing greenhouse gases. Another provision of the Act increases the amount of biofuel that must be mixed with gasoline sold in the United States. (epa.gov/laws-regulation) America’s federal environmental laws set national standards, and on the condition that a state can shoulder the crucial task by enforcing these standards, they do by adopting laws that are as severe as the federal laws. Many states have assumed these responsibilities of enforcing the national standards by giving responsibility of specific programs throughout agencies within the state. The federal government is the overseer that enforces all cases and supervises the states’ activities while also monitoring state and the tribal operations of the Environmental Protection Agency programs. The Environmental Protection Agency supports the states and tribes to achieve effective enforcement and environmental compliance, and maintains support approved state programs through grant funds, and involvement. The Environmental Protection Agencies and state agencies make active efforts to educate the regulated community. A numerous compliance assistance tools have been put in place to help business, industry and state governments to conform to the environmental requirements. Web sites have been developed; hotlines, workshops, compliance training, fact sheets, and additional compliance guidelines are given to the regulated community. The Clean School Bus Program unites businesses, education, transportation, and public health organizations to encourage actions to stop the unnecessary idling of public schools busses. Modifying old schools busses with better emissions control technologies and proving cleaner fuels. The EPA is publishing a proposed rule designed to reduce air pollution, in 2017 the Tier 3 design would set new standards for vehicle emissions criteria and lessen the sulfur found in gasoline. This new rule would reduce tailpipe and evaporative emissions. The lower sulfur gasoline will improve  fuel economy by reducing gas consumption as well as reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The Environmental Protection Agency seeks to provide a healthy environment. By partnership-building with states and communities the reduction of environmental pollutants becomes a joint venture. References: Retrieved from: http://www2.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-energy-policy-act Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/documents/tier3/420f13016a.pdf Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/peg/understand.html

Omega Inc. Bia

BACKGROUND Omega Research is a rapidly growing research and consulting firm. They have a single main office located in Reston, VA and three small branch offices located in San Diego, CA, Salem, OR, and Kansas City, MO. Omega is not currently involved in e-commerce or business-tobusiness relationships. Two weeks ago, Omega experienced a significant loss of proprietary data (estimated value $550,000. 00) that was stored electronically in an Oracle database in their main office in Reston. The data was unrecoverable and backups were not being routinely maintained, so no restoration was possible. Although he has no hard evidence, Omega’s CTO believes that the loss resulted from deliberate deletion of files by a systems administrator from the Kansas City office that had been â€Å"let go† several weeks prior to the loss. Needless to say, the CTO has been tasked to â€Å"get things under control. † You have been hired as a consultant to develop a comprehensive plan for improving the company’s recovery posture in order to prevent future outage of Omega’s critical systems and network resources. Your guidance and observations will eventually be used to develop a long-term procedural and policy solution for Omega Research. The CTO has stepped up to the plate and made the commitment to do whatever it takes to address these issues. Baseline Network Infrastructure * Omega leverages AT&T Managed Internet Services for each of its office locations. * Omega owns and manages the border routers for each of their office sites. * Offices in Reston, San Diego, and Kansas City receive full T-1 service. * Offices in Salem receive 256k F-T1 circuit service. Systems Business processes provided by AIX Environment 1. Financial 2. Reporting 3. Data Warehouse LAN Vendor| Services| Address| Phone| Contacts| IBM| Tape LibraryTSM Server| 522 South RdPoughkeepsie, NY 12601| 214 451-7747| Steve Barretta| SunGard| Recovery services for server environment| 401 N Broad St. Philadelphia, PA| 877 456-3966215 351-1300| * Don Meltin (Test Coord. ) * Jack Fabrianni (Acct. Rep) * Lincoln Balducci (Resource Coord. )| BASELINE ARCHITECTURE Local Area Architecture (Reston Office) AIX Environment * Perimeter protection provided by screening router. Configured for dynamic packet filtering using reflexive Access Control Lists (ACL’s). Remote access is provided to employees while at home or on travel through PPTP VPN, and, dial-up RAS offered by a Microsoft Windows NT 4. 0 Server  ®. * All servers in the Reston office have been centrally located to a data center. * The Reston data center supports a 5-keypunch combination lock that is required to have access to the room. That combination is shared with all IT personnel and is infrequently rotated. * The d ata center is controlled for humidity through HVAC purification. * The data center is controlled for temperature with isolated HVAC services. The data center is not on a raised floor to control static electricity. * The data center does not have a site-wide UPS. Each server and network equipment supports their own mini-UPS. * Internal Omega E-mail is supported by a Microsoft Exchange  ® 2000 mail server running on a Microsoft Windows  ® 2000 Server. Omega has installed an SMTP mail gateway to support Internet mail exchange. * Omega is the registered owner of omegaresearch. com and maintains a DNS Server at the Reston facility for name resolution supporting Omega users and to allow Internet access to publicly accessible information (web and e-mail). Web hosting services are provided on a Microsoft Windows  ® 2000 Server running Internet Information Services (IIS). * X. 500 directory services are available through Active Directory although their implementation is relatively imma ture – they are operating in a mixed environment. * Server and client o/s environments have not been routinely patched. * Reston office printers are all network connected. * The IT Department is responsible for management of the networks and networked resources at the Reston facility. They manage more than 170 workstations and 6 servers performing the functions previously described. Client machines consist of Microsoft Windows  ® 95, 98, NT Workstation 4. 0, 2000, and XP. Mac operating systems include OS/8 and OS-X, Panther. * Productivity applications have not been standardized. Some user communities enjoy Corel OfficeSuite  ® while others appreciate Microsoft Office  ®. There are various editions of these packages installed on client machines. BASELINE ARCHITECTURE Local Area Architecture (San Diego Office) * The San Diego is essentially a mirror of the network architecture provided at the Reston facility. * Differences: o San Diego does not host a web server. San Die go does not support VPN or RAS connections. o There are fewer employees working out of the west coast office. The local IT staff consists of one engineer who manages all networks and networked resources within the San Diego office. o There are less than 50 client machines in San Diego with similar configurations as the main office. o All servers have been located in a spare office in San Diego. * There is not a controlled access restriction like in the main center. * The office is not controlled for temperature, humidity, or static. * There are no redundant power supplies. BASELINE ARCHITECTURE Local Area Architecture (Salem Office) * Salem is a small site with only 30 workstations configured in much the same way as the rest of the company. * Sale supports a single combined shared file and print server hosted on a Microsoft Windows  ® NT 4. 0 Server. * Mail services are obtained through the San Diego office, using mailboxes set up on the San Diego Exchange Server. * There are no publicly available networked resources at the Salem office. * Remote access to Salem’s infrastructure is provided to mobile and home employees using VPN client to gateway connectivity. Salem has an IT staff of one engineer that manages all networks and networked resources at this site. * All servers have been located in a spare office in San Diego. * There is not a controlled access restriction like in the main center. * The office is not controlled for temperature, humidity, or static. * There are no redundant power supplies. BASELINE ARCHITECTUREARCH Local Area Archi tecture (Kansas City Office) * Kansas City is very similar in size to the Salem office with the exception that Kansas City runs a Microsoft Exchange  ® 2000 server for mail services. Kansas City has a local system administrator for support. * All servers have been located in a spare office in Kansas City. * There is not a controlled access restriction like in the main center. * The office is not controlled for temperature, humidity, or static. * There are no redundant power supplies. Figure [ 1 ] – Main Application Equipment List CONSIDERATIONS Networking and Systems Administration 1. Access to any site LAN automatically guarantees access to the entire WAN. This means that user accounts authenticated in the Salem office have immediate access to resources in San Diego, Kansas City, and Renton. . User accounts and access restrictions are independently managed by each office’s system engineer. There is not a common user policy – rules concerning how passwords are created an enforced, cycled, aged, lockout, user account retention, and so on, are created and maintained per office. 3. There is no formal backup and disaster recovery policy at any site. Backups are decentralized. Off-site rotation only happens at the Reston office. Salem currently performs DASD to DASD backups without Tape copies being made. 4. The local system administrators at the satellite offices take all direction from the central office and are not authorized to make boundary router changes. They do not have authority to change anything without central IT approval. They have no site specific budget; they have full accountability for their LAN’s. 5. All machines run antivirus software although local IT staff infrequently maintains their definition files and relies on user intervention to perform file updates. No machine has spyware protection. 6. There is no dedicated program for training employees on avoiding threats like, say, Phishing. . Firewall logs, host packet analysis, application logs, event and error logs are generally ignored across the board. Business Requirements 1. The organization is growing rapidly in spite of recent events. 2. Their strength is in developing business within the local market and providing on-site consulting services. The research end of the business is the well-spring from which they draw their competitive edge, but Omega is realizing that consolidating the research workforce adds synergy to their efforts, and reduces unnecessary overhead. 3. They plan to continue down that road. As a result, local sites will expand their consulting workforce and research will continue to be consolidated at the Reston and San Diego facilities. As this trend continues to develop, access to the research data stored at the east and west coast facilities becomes critical. Additionally, they cannot afford a similar loss of proprietary information as was recently experienced†¦. and they know it could have been much worse. Known Environmental Risks 1. The San Diego office is located in a 20-year earthquake zone. Once every 20 years, it estimated that a 6. -Richter scale earthquake or greater will strike the facility, likely causing damage to the facility/computer equipment; management assumes losses to computer assets could be estimated at 20%. As a countermeasure, the company has purchased insurance with $18,000. 00/year annual premiums that increase 5% every year. 2. The Reston office is located in a 500-year flood zone. Once every 500 years, it is estimated that a flood will strike the facility likely causing damage to the facility/computer equipment; management assumes losses to computer assets could be estimated at 40%. The company has opted to not purchase insurance. Annual premiums would run approximately $25,000. 3. The Kansas City office suffers a significant tornado event once every five years. When the tornado hits, severe electrical disruption affects the equipment and the office suffers 10% losses on computer assets. The company pays $14,000 in annual insurance premiums. Appendix A. Balance Sheet Reston| | Book Value| Actual Value| | | 81,290 45,690 27,390 13,330| 17,250 9,450 4,309 0| Networking Equipment Server EquipmentWorkstation Equipment Peripherals| | | | | TOTAL:| 167,700| 31,009| Kansas City| | | | Networking Equipment| | 12,700| 11,900| Server Equipment| | 4,009,250| 3,400,000| Workstation Equipment| | 18,200| 13,400| Peripherals| | 4,433| 0| | TOTAL:| 4,044,583| 3,425,300| Salem| | | | Networking Equipment| | 4,300| 0| Server Equipment| | 3,600| 0| Workstation Equipment| | 7,200| 500| Peripherals| | 4,433| 0| | TOTAL:| 19,533| 500| San Diego| | | | Networking Equipment| | 81,290| 17,250| Server Equipment| | 45,690| 9,450| Workstation Equipment| | 27,390| 4,309| Peripherals| | 13,330| 0| | TOTAL:| 167,700| 31,009| Appendix B. The Business Impact Interviews Bill Hermann – We are a service-based company and our ability to take in and book cash is critical. Without solid cash flow or expenses increase exponentially in the very short period of time. In addition our cash position which I monitor through the SAP system allows us to manage our treasury and short-term funding. I would estimate within two days we would have to borrow money which could increase our costs and overhead. Tiffany Sabers – The I. T. organization is in a period of transition when it comes recoverability. Implementation of SAP was very expensive, time-consuming, and drawn out. We have built-in a level of redundancy to sustain production should any number of things fail within a data center itself. However we are not in as good a shape as we should be to protect your organization to the entire data center become unavailable for any significant period of time. Several factors come into play when considering the recovery of a central system such as SAP. The availability of the technology we've chosen at our recovery vendor has been a challenge to say the least. SunGard needs to acquire and fund the appropriate IBM servers that we use to run the SAP application. Secondly there is for a terabytes of production data that needs to be recovered from tape once a disaster is declared. The recovery activity using the current tape library technology on the floor is estimated to take 3 to 4 days barring any problems. For tape to be a viable option going forward we need to upgrade to higher speed higher density devices and media to meet the needs of the business which is another capital expense. I think we all knew and accepted the risk of having to retool with the implementation of SAP. Now that time has come and this exercise is crucial to determine the proper recovery strategy and technology to meet the business needs. John Sampolous – I agree with Bill that our finance structure is key. Since we don't make anything physical our business model relies on our cash position. I will say though without having finance information available we may begin borrowing on the second day of an outage. The way the SAP system works without current data we will be a day behind at the time of business start the second day. We're certainly capable of maintaining business function but will begin to lose $3-$500,000 per day in interest alone. The bottom line is treasury function that is maintained via a finance module within SAP is critical from our standpoint. Linda Okonieski – from a purely operation standpoint we are currently dead in the water if we can't get to our schedules and billing information for the persons in the field. We generate a quarter million dollars in revenue a daily basis to our service organization. So if there is a hard fail of the SAP system we stand to have issues in two functional areas. The first and most obvious is that if we cannot invoice our clients in a timely manner or cash flow will diminish significantly at the end of the first week. The second concern is his longer-term and related to legal and contractual ramifications if we could not maintain business as usual as quickly as possible. In our business customer confidence and brand value are priceless and need to be protected. So if we are unable to quickly recover we could very well lose future business that could affect our viability of the company. Nate Brown – Linda hit the nail on the head, we need to ensure that we have the right people in the field generating income through billable hours and we need to continue to collect for their work. So I would say the schedule and billing within the SAP system ranks very high for me. And to add to Windows last point customer confidence is how we've been able to maintain a preferred vendor status with most of these companies where we do business, so many chink in the armor could cost us a significant amount of business. Sandy Ales – Without access to the SAP system we can’t sell services we can’t deliver. Most of our customers rely on us to be able to find and supply the appropriate consultant/resources as quickly as possible. Since we are one of several preferred service providers we will begin to miss out on new contracts and renewals to our competition. Our reliance on up to date information affects 30 to 40% of our short-term contracts and their ability to compete or longer-term assignments for our higher value personnel. Since we converted from our old system last year we had become completely reliant on the SAP application. Tyler Amdahl – We have built-in on site redundancy for the SAP system, but we are still negotiating a new contract with SunGard services for a recovery configuration at the hotsite. Given the amount of data that is involved with the SAP system we are looking at 12 to 16 hours minimum recovery. Rachid Chad – The SAP system is designed/architected for failover capability. Unfortunately the production system implementation is currently around $14 million dollars. There is no economy of scale for full redundancy or real-time failover. There are several options worth considering if anyone the recovery time objectives that we all agree to. I can say that they will not be cheap so we will need to understand the costs were relating to an outage from the business perspective to enable us to construct the proper recovery strategy. Reyes Emme – If you were to ask the employees they would rank getting their paychecks on time as a number one priority. However the fact is that by self insuring our payroll funding for a week to 10 day period we could provide estimated payroll and then rectify many issues once we're back up and running. We in HR also have or long-term concerns should an outage extends for more than a few days and began to affect our brand value. The reason to be quite honest is that we attract the best consultants partly based on their perception of our technical abilities as an organization. Fionna O'Connor – The audit and compliance areas are not affected in the short term should an outage occur. However, timing is everything. Should the outage occur during the close of SOX testing on the ramp above financial reporting to the board we could have issues with the regulators will. Jackson Davis – We have an all-in situation with the SAP system. We are completely reliant on the system availability for day-to-day operation. The risk we have with the prolonged outage is that we will begin to incur penalties for our accounts payable since we have been able to migrate to a just-in-time payment practice. I am also concerned that we may not have the proper documentation to manually operate should the system be unavailable. I think however this exercise turns out several of our departments need to go back and designed some contingency plans should the data center be unavailable to us. The penalties for late payment would be 10% of $100,000 per day.

A Man For All Seasons

The change from night to day (81 ) Is conveyed using a simple change of lighting. Light conveys the notion of change. Many scene changes are followed by the subsequent change in lighting. Like the setting of the sun indicating the change into night. Bolt's use of light gives the viewers an ability to feel the mood of the next scene and foreshadow the outcomes. The candle is used many times throughout the play and is a source of focused light. It Is small and casts a dim light, bringing the feeling of darkness and conspiracy. When taken away or blown out, it represents a change; the end of something.Wolves exits the stage, † taking most of the light from the stage as he does so† (13) giving the scene a dark and sinister feeling. It foreshadows the change of Lord Chancellor to Thomas More, and how this new position is going to be troublesome and fatal. Cromwell â€Å"[seizes] Rich by the wrist [and] he holds his hand in the candle flame† (46) frightening Rich and Int roducing the feelings of cruelty and horror Into the atmosphere. Cromwell frightening action reflects what has happened In that scene; how Rich has now switched sides, ending his relationship with More.Their friendship smoldering away eke a slow burn. Silences are as Important as dialogue in a play?discuss the most significant silent moments In the play and their Importance. There are many silences In the play, such as those of the common Man, who chose to maintain silence Instead of revealing the plotting against More. More had also kept silent as Rich took the silver cup which signifies corruption instead of the teaching Job, a way to benefit society. In Act II, More remains silent about Norfolk until he is sure that the friendship should be ended.When Norfolk states that More should take the oath, More ends his silence s well as the friendship. The biggest silence Is Mere's, which had kept him alive through the ordeal of King Henrys divorce until the very end. This silence, accor ding to the bible, cannot be seen as dissent towards the king. He wittily uses this silence to his advantage in order to protect himself and his family against the law, as well as to prevent perjuring his beliefs. However, Cromwell argument that silence can signify affirmation with the example of the silent murder witnesses cost More his life.More also protects his family from the law by refusing to answer them. The silence e maintains about his opinions with the Act of Supremacy Is foreshadowed by the takes offence, by staying silent in front of them, they are able to truthfully answer in a court of law that they do not know his opinions. Stage directions convey a great deal: how do the stage directions for the Common Man convey the plays ideas? The Common Man is used by Robert Bolt to change the setting of the stage in the play. Many times in the play, he changes the setting while in character.He also addresses the audience and comments on the action as a character within the play . Robert Bolt uses the Common Man as a narrator through he stage directions to help the play to flow as a story rather than a play. Due to the Common Man's stage directions, he is meant to draw the audience into the play rather than alienate them. He begins the first act by saying, â€Å"It is perverse! To start a play made up of kinds and Cardinals in speaking costumes and intellectuals with embroidered mouths, with me. (1) The Common Man is to represent the common type of people and through his actions and different characters throughout the play, the Common Man is relatable for the audience members and his reliability is conveyed through his stage directions. The Common Man is also used to highlight the traits of the other characters. As the boatman, he is used to demonstrate mere's generosity. (15) The Common Man is also used to connect the two acts. At the beginning of Act II, the Common Man is used by Bolt to describe the change of time and setting, he sets up the scene by gi ving the audience some background.The foreign water is emphasized by the Common Man's speech at the beginning of Act II, â€Å"a lot of waters flowed under the bridge† (47). The Common Man is used as a tool to help bring the play together and to help develop the other characters within the lay. Thematic Questions: On page 1 5-16–More has a conversation with the boatman. Explore the ethical implications of ;their discussion. How does the imagery of the boat and water reflect those ideas? In the preface to the play, Robert Bolt addresses his usage of water â€Å"as a figure for the superhuman context. The sea is unpredictable, unknown and alien giving it a sense of supernaturalism. He states that his main metaphors are the sea and water; that the â€Å"references to ships, rivers, currents, tides, navigation† (xvi) are all used to create a poetic image with philosophical depth. He compares society by contrast figures as dry land. Although Thomas More grasps onto the safety of the law and land, his faith takes him out into the chaos of the sea. Within the play, the symbolism of Mere's faith in God as water and his belief in the law as the land is explored.Since Bolt intended the land to be considered to be a safe and known concept within the play, it can be compared to Mere's knowledge in law. More is educated in law and he constantly uses the law to back his arguments. Due to mere's knowledge of the law, he knows that he cannot be accused of high treason. â€Å"The law s a causeway upon which so long as he keeps to it a citizen may walk safely. † (92) More is comparing the law to a citizen's walkway, if the law is kept, the citizens should â€Å"When a man takes an oath, he's holding his own self in his own hands.Like water and if he opens his fingers then- he needn't hope to find himself again. â€Å"(83) Since More refuses to take the oath towards King Henrys divorce, he is avoiding the law. He is choosing his faith and religion over the law; water over land. By not taking the oath, More doesn't open his fingers and he doesn't lose himself. He stays rooted in his faith. Only God is love right through, Howard; and that's my self. â€Å"(71) In the end, More explores the extent of his faith and he learns to walk on water, by putting all his trust in God and putting God above the law.Character Questions: Compare and contrast Thomas More and William Roper. Thomas More and William Roper were both upright men who had a strong sense of morality and goodness. More and Roper differ in terms of religion. While More is unwavering in his Catholicism, Roper has swayed towards the Lutheran Church before turning back to Catholicism. More is modest in his dress, refusing to change even when the king visited. However, Roper is bold in clothing, changing into a magnificent black robe and cross after his conversion back to Catholicism. Bolt calls More â€Å"a hero of selfless. (xiv), referring to how he keeps his morals int act even when his life is threatened. Both men were well educated in law and put in service of the crown, with More as the lord chancellor and Roper â€Å"[being] called to the bar. † (16) Thomas More is a conservative, sensible man with a solid foundation on his morals and beliefs. He is not outspoken about his ideas, and he tries to guide people in the eight direction by posing questions and choices instead of being direct. William Roper, however, is more liberal, and energetic. More is older and more experienced with life, careful with his speech and loyal to his conscience.Roper speaks his mind, thinking little of the effects of his words. He is constantly voicing his opinions at every opportunity, leading to Mere's warning to protect his family. He also stands very firm on his beliefs and what he feels is right. Roper is one to take quick action, doing what he wants to do. However, More is thoughtful about his actions, staying out of harms ay and hiding behind his knowle dge of the law and having faith in it. Through Roper's actions within the play, Roper is Mere's foil and emphasizes Mere's strong belief in God and the Church in contrast to his passion for whichever church he was in at the time.Compare and contrast Cardinal Wolves and Thomas Cromwell. Cardinal Wolves and Thomas Cromwell were both key figures in this play, as influential members of government. They were both practical, politically aware men that played important roles in the affair of the kings divorce, and recognized the importance of having an heir to the throne. There are many physical differences between Wolves and Cromwell. Wolves is â€Å"Old. A big decayed body in scarlet† (xx), whereas Cromwell is in his late thirties, and dressed in black.Beyond the physical, the name of effective action† (xx), while Wolves is ambitious and intelligent, although his character is not well-developed before his death early in the play due to pulmonary pneumonia. His death serves a s a warning for anyone else that did not follow the wishes of the king, and foreshadows the eventual death of Thomas More. Both Cromwell and Wolves try their best to complete what the King wants. â€Å"When the inning wants something done, [Cromwell] does it. † (21). Cromwell doesn't stop to question the kings desires, nor does he try to compromise with those who are against the King.He wished to gain power through the affairs of the king despite the immoral consequences. Wolves tries to find alternate paths to the same outcome for the king, he looks at all aspects of the situation before drawing a conclusion. His wisdom is shown when he tells More that â€Å"Letting [King Henry] without an heir and we'll have them back again. Let him die without an heir and this ‘peace' you think so much of will go out like that! (12) Wolves takes other's opinions into account whereas Cromwell only cares for the result that will make himself look best.Wolves failed to obtain the Pope' s dispersion, and therefore did not succeed in fulfilling the Kings wishes for divorce, while Cromwell devised many plans that led to the achievement of the divorce through force. Compare and contrast Lady Alice and Lady Margaret. Alice and Margaret are the ones closest to Thomas More. Both women are intelligent and righteous. This is shown when they agree that Rich was to be arrested when it became apparent that he had betrayed More. Alice is Mere's wife, an understanding and caring woman that trusts in More beyond simple reasoning.She understands that he values morality over his life,and she feels that â€Å"[More] the best man that [she] ever met. † (86) Alice is sad to see her loved one go, but accepts his final resolution and painfully comes to terms with his decision. Unlike her stepmother, Margaret does not understand his reasons for sacrificing his life. â€Å"Meg [is] under oath to persuade [More]† (83) to choose life over morality. Alice is an impressive woma n in her forties with an incredible ability to understand and worship her husband† (xx) as well as society, leading to trouble and defiance towards both.Margaret is a beautiful girl in her twenties with a naivety that is fostered by the care of her father. Both Alice and Margaret possess a unconditional love and care for Thomas More that they act upon in many occasions in the play. For instance, they repeatedly asked him about his conversations with Cardinal Wolves. Also, they prepared a feast for the King's visit on his behalf. Although More is evasive and silent on his affairs, they think nothing but good of him, and support him to the end.

Explanation of the Multistep Synthesis of Benzilic Acid Essay

The synthesis of several complex organic compounds follows a multistep synthesis. â€Å"Multistep synthesis† refers to the procedure in which the product of one reaction serves as the starting material in the subsequent reaction. The multistep synthesis of benzilic acid begins with a conversion benzaldehyde to benzoin through a condensation reaction. The benzoin then oxidizes into benzil, which undergoes rearrangement to give benzilic acid. Benzoin Synthesis * When two benzaldehyde molecules condense in the presence of thiamine, it leads to the formation of a molecule of benzoin. The thiamine behaves as a coenzyme catalyst. This step of the reaction involves the addition of ethanol and sodium hydroxide into an aqueous solution of thiamine hydrochloride and creating a reaction with pure benzaldehyde. When you heat this mixture to a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius for about 90 minutes and then cool it in an ice bath, the benzoin crystallizes out. Recrystallization of these crystals from hot ethanol yields pure benzoin as a colorless powder. Benzil Synthesis * Benzoin undergoes oxidation in the presence of a mild oxidizing agent such as nitric acid to produce the alpha diketone known as benzil. When you heat benzoin with concentrated nitric acid using a reflux condenser, evolution of reddish brown nitrogen dioxide occurs and then stops. When you add cold water to the cooled reaction mixture, benzil precipitates out as a yellow solid. You can then recrystallize this substance from hot ethanol. 1. Benzilic Acid Synthesis * When you reflux a solution of benzil in ethyl alcohol with potassium hydroxide for 15 minutes and then cool it, it forms the carboxylate salt potassium benzilate. When you dissolve this salt in hot water in an Erlenmeyer flask and add hydrochloric acid to bring the pH down to 2, the salt becomes acidified to yield benzilic acid. Precautions * During the conversion of benzaldehyde to benzoin, you must maintain temperatures below 65 degrees Celsius to obtain benzoin. Take care when refluxing benzoin with nitric acid; the nitrogen dioxide fumes are extremely toxic and can cause lung damage. During the conversion of benzoin to benzil, some benzoin may remain unoxidized. Prevent this scenario by creating a reaction of an ethanolic solution of the benzil with 10 percent sodium hydroxide solution; if benzoin is present, a purple color develops.

Policy paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Policy paper - Essay Example Payment Program† which would pay the dairy farmers a sufficient remuneration on a monthly basis whenever the price of the milk and its products decrease below a standard level. After its successful implementation, the policy succeeded in maintaining a steady state of dairy farming across the declining regions and is continuously helping out the farmers whenever they are in a state of economic depression. (Whitehouse, 2006) The policy discussed here has successfully followed the guidelines of an eightfold path analysis. The problems that the policy is going to do deal with are clearly specified and the evidence for its strategy and purpose is clearly visible in the Agricultural Market Transition Act. (Whitehouse, 2006) The problems that are detailed by this policy are obtained from several third party organizations such as the MILC program, Milk production report (Whitehouse, 2006) and National Agricultural Statistics Service. (USDA 2006) The solutions provided for the mentioned problems have been analyzed appropriately considering their own advantages and disadvantages. The goal of the program is set in such a way that it is doable considering the tenure of the implementation of the policy. A proper legalized procedure has been chosen to achieve the goal. Additionally, the impact of applying these strategies, both positive and negative effects have been listed out. The conclusive decision has been men tioned, fulfilling the pre-final step of the eightfold path analysis. As the policy was read out openly at the Senate, it successfully completes the final step of the analysis which is, declaring the policy openly to the public. (Bardach,2008) The policy under discussion has a great impact on the markets pertaining to agriculture. It is a general phenomenon that the agriculture product prices attain highs and lows in the most random manner that one could hardly predict. Specifically, dairy products have always been more volatile in their prices when compared to

Benjamin Franklin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Benjamin Franklin - Essay Example Benjamin writes about 13 virtues in his autobiography which he wants to make part of his life one by one. Franklin wanted to seek God’s assistance for wisdom. He considered God, the fountain of wisdom. He was considered the wisest man on American soil due to his clear mind and right approach towards life. In the early days of America, Benjamin knew that very few Americans have access to books. One reason was that books were very costly and rare and secondly there were no public libraries for the Americans in 1730. Men of middle status were also unable to get books for reading. Only the rich and clergy could afford expensive books in abundance. Franklin tried to gather some books in a little room of Mc Grace which could be later consulted for different jobs. They gathered the books but after one year every member took his books back due to less care of books (FRANKLIN, Chapter 8). Then Benjamin made a plan to construct subscription library in Philadelphia. With the help of his friends, Benjamin started collection of subscriptions in Junto. Initially 50 subscribers paid 40 shillings each to start the public library. Subscribers also promised to give additional 10 shillings for maintenance of the library (FRANKLIN, Chapter 8). Benjamin’s publications got fame due to format and material. He showed his democratic spirit with the help of his publications. He got a lot of lead and understanding from a fiction â€Å"poor Richard†. Now with this fiction Benjamin started motivating people on politics and philosophy (FRANKLIN, Chapter 10). Benjamin laid emphasis on moral protection and wished to live without committing any fault in his life. Benjamin writes about 13 virtues in his autobiography which he wants to make part of his life one by one. He knows that it is difficult to implement all of them simultaneously. He preferred â€Å"Temperance† as a first virtue because it

How does due diligence differ from due care Why are both important Essay

How does due diligence differ from due care Why are both important - Essay Example nd, is most often defined as the test of liability for negligence whenever there is a question as to whether a person acted in an ordinary and reasonable manner in terms of certain instances considered to be an issue at the time. Each person who enters into a business arrangement, negotiation, or contract usually based upon certain everyday concerns that can be addressed without having to take extra ordinary measures. Due care insures that the agreement was not entered into in a haphazard manner by either party and that the contract or arrangement does not have any adverse effect on the parties concerned. Both due diligence and due care are important aspects of contractual agreements because these two factors, once proven to exist in any contract, could be used to negate or void any agreement based upon legal standards. It is therefore imperative that both parties entering into any agreement ensure that due care and diligence are properly exercised in the creation of the contract and its terms and

Security awareness Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Security awareness - Article Example security awareness campaign will ensure the employees are informed and updated on various security issues that are vital in protection of the company’s resources. Security awareness campaign will aim at creating an environment that is secure in order to protect the organization and clients from breaches (McGovern, 52). The campaign will target creation of awareness and will incorporate the use of topical posters, online general awareness courses, newsletter, videos, email campaigns and forums. The goal of the campaign is to ensure reinforcement of security best practices. The campaign will target all the departments in the organization. The topics to be covered during the training entails email safety, mobile security, physical security, passwords and access control, importance of individual responsibility, definition of key cyber security terms, phishing, social engineering, data protection and destruction, threats and virus protection, internet safety, federal information and security management act together with demonstration of practical examples of vulnerability and security threats. The campaign and training will target one department at a time with an intention of ensuring all the departments are covered. At the end of the training the employees should be able to avoid breaches, pass audit requirement for compliance, create a secure environment for the organization, practice and learn secure habits and gain awareness of vulnerabilities and information security threats. The employees will be observed after the training period to assess the impact of the program (McGovern,

Causes of Prejudice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Causes of Prejudice - Research Paper Example The second article by C.P Ellis sounds like an autobiography. He vividly recalls many mishaps in his life that formed the basis of his prejudiced personality. The many difficulties he encountered in his life anchored with peer influence made him develop a strong sense of prejudice, especially to the African Americans. However, this ended after he came back to his senses and realized that no race is better than the other is. Malcolm X, the author of the third article focuses on how our own individual behaviors’ influences our levels of prejudice. His strong desire to achieve without looking behind is well reflected in the third article entitled learning to read. His great interest to develop learning skills as an inmate, made him made him rise to be to be one of the greatest historians of all times. His unique personality made him an all-around individual with no any racial bias to all groups in the society and motivates him to foster for the same. There are three important cau ses of prejudice, they are levels of prejudice, self-justification, and personality. Prejudice, like cultural values, is learned through the socialization process. Many prejudices are passed along from the parents to their children. The media, such as advertising, television, as well as films, also take part in perpetuating negative depictions. This can take the form of stereotypes as well as demeaning images of assorted groups, such as gays and lesbians, ethnic minorities, the elderly, women, and the disabled. No child is born with prejudice. They learn core values and beliefs from their parents, other family members, the media, peers, teachers, and others around them. In short, children acquire prejudiced attitudes through the socialization process. Much prejudice socialization takes place outside their home.  In conclusion, prejudice is an undesirable manifestation of the power of integration. Prejudice sets people apart. Prejudice has several causes, most of which can be dealt with. Ironically, even prejudice can imply some sort of relationship. If such relatio nship did not exist among people, they would be totally unaware of the other group's existence. Where there is any form of, even a negative one, there exists some integration.

Case study paper on - death penalty both pro and anti capital Essay

Case study paper on - death penalty both pro and anti capital punishment - Essay Example On the other hand, the article written by Hugo Bedau argues that death penalty is a lawful killing, and since it is a form of killing the law should rise above it and condemn it. He says that death penalty is an immoral act in an indecent form of action by the law, and the fact is that it is a dignified form of killing executed and polished by the law. I feel that both the articles make a very valid point, and it is upto the people and the law to decide what is right and wrong. However, keeping everything in mind, death penalty should be slowly taken away from the law and society as we move towards a more liberal and morally committed world. The first article is written in an extremist/radical style, while the other one is written in a liberal/radical style. Both the articles maintain a valid point of law, however, it is pertinent to note that death penalty should be tried to be done away with slowly, and not immediately. IN this context both the articles explain an important perspec tive, the perspective of doing away with death penalty but with slow time. Death penalty is not morally wrong. I am sure ernest van den hag would have reacted hard on this thought. Just as imprisonment is not considered morally wrong as a lawful kidnapping, or fine is not considered to be morally wrong as a lawful robbery, I don’t think that people should consider death penalty as morally wrong as a lawful murder. It is an example, which is set to the people and has been a very successful form of deterrence over the last many centuries. In many ways death penalty has acted as deterrence better than imprisonment, but as the society moves forwards, we need to realize that this form of punishment will not yield the same results again. Death Penalty as a form of deterrence will slowly fade away, as life imprisonment takes over. In answer to the second last question, both the arguments make sense either ways. However, lets try to move forwards and be more pragmatic. It is true tha t there is no going back once the death penalty has been executed. And therefore the point is that to be careful while executing the death penalty. This is because there are many criminals even today who deserve this penalty. One cannot do away with this form of punishment mainly because there exists an apprehension that innocent will get killed. What about the fact that there is being a miscarriage of justice? Even that is an apprehension, and therefore we need to sideline both the apprehensions and think from a logical and practical perspective. And that perspective teaches us that the execution of death penalty should be allowed, albeit with caution. The final question consists of Bedau contemplating that it is immoral and indecent to award death penalty in response to crimes such as rape and kidnapping. Crimes such as rape and kidnapping in them mind of Bedau is not that extreme or indecent to attract the award of death penalty. It is pertinent to understand that death penalty s hould only be awarded for the ‘rarest of the rarest’ crimes, and not for some petty crimes like kidnapping. Agreed, rape is a very severe crime which attracts a very severe punishment, but killing the rapist for such an act would be encroaching upon the boundaries of morality and responsibility. The correct punishment for rape would be to award life imprisonment, which is still la very harsh punishment, as deserved by the rapist, but not on the extreme

1.Identify and review some of the strategies which the company uses to Essay

1.Identify and review some of the strategies which the company uses to deal with the difficulties presented by the specific features of financial services marketing - Essay Example The researcher is taking American International Group Inc. which is a U.S.A. based company for reviewing their products and strategies. In this paper the researcher is trying to identify the strategies which they use to deal with the difficulties presented by the features of marketing of financial services. The researcher will use the website of AIG and some journals for analyze the strategies of the company. American International group which is a financial services company constitutes of different business units. These are AIG Bank, AIG Direct, SunAmerica financial group, Chartis insurance, United Guaranty Corporation and International Lease Finance Corporation. The main revenue of the company is from the Chartis insurance which is major name in the global insurance sector. SunAmerica financial group is the other which generates maximum revenue for the AIG group. From this statistics it can be said that the company is mainly focusing on the life insurance, general insurance, wealth management, asset management programs. It can also be said statistics that the major percentage of revenue comes from the casualty and specialty line of business. In any type of industry the companies should design and offer the product or services according to the customer needs. Financial services industry is a volatile industry. During the economic downturn the companies generally don’t profit much from the financial services. The reputation of the companies plays a big role in that situation. If the financial services companies provide the products according to the needs of the customers and build customer loyalty then they will have a competitive edge than their competitors. For having a good percentage of market shares as well as retaining the customers in time of financial downturn a loyal customer base is necessary for the financial services company (The Economist, 2008, p.5-7). The services

Research and evaluate the corporate governance arrangements for Essay

Research and evaluate the corporate governance arrangements for SAINSBURY (J) PLC. Present your findings in a business report fo - Essay Example Based on research, a recommendation for potential improvement is provided. 2. The governance structure at Sainsbury Sainsbury maintains a very well-developed, stakeholder-centric corporate governance model following transformational leadership design, one in which corporate social responsibility is reflected recurrently associated with satisfying positive models of human resource management. Fairholm (2009) describes the transformational leadership model as a holistic model in which managers and executives regularly impart corporate mission and vision, open positive lines of communications in a flattened, decentralised hierarchy, and where power distance between board members and mid-tier managers are largely finite. The Board is structured to include three executive-level directors and six non-executive directors, in which there are clear division of authority and responsibility between the Chairman of the Board and the Chief Executive Officer (Sainsbury 2012). Non-executive board m embers are independent, yet they have diverse and unique corporate experience and education to contribute expert analyses and opinion regarding the establishment of Sainsbury strategic and financial agenda (Sainsbury 2012). Outside of traditional corporate governance activity found in most industries in large organisations, which include finance, operational strategy, risk management and compliance controls, Sainsbury’s board is also structured with subcommittees (Steering Groups), responsible for a wide variety of assessments ranging from corporate social responsibility to stakeholder relationship management imperatives (Sainsbury 2012). The Sainsbury corporate governance model moves beyond traditionalism, following such models as Adam Smith’s Invisible Hand, and has transformed into a holistic system of governance that includes consistent and recurrent emphasis on establishing better stakeholder relationship management. Examples at Sainsbury of this transformational model include a branding steering group, climate change steering groups, community and internal human resources steering groups (Sainsbury 2012). These committees meet annually or bi-annually depending on business imperatives dealing with positive sustainable procurement modelling, improvement of customer service, and employee relationship development (Sainsbury 2012). This diversification in extended corporate governance activities did not, however, occur within a vacuum. Rather, the dynamic and diverse corporate governance activities are a product of business evolution at Sainsbury that has occurred through emergent, historical learning and business repositioning that has occurred over the last decade due to growth in competition and diminished market entry barriers that has changed competitive and investment dynamics. In the early 2000s, Sainsbury realised that the company was gaining more target market loyalty and respect for the Sainsbury brand by emphasising corporate social r esponsibility as a positive brand differentiation scheme. By 2004, Sainsbury had a well-respected reputation for corporate social responsibility, taking an intangible human capital asset and transforming it to a marketable brand personality and identity that gained a great deal of market interest and loyalty. This

Fist Language Aquisition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fist Language Aquisition - Essay Example The first step in language acquisition of small children is the determination of sounds. Children learn words by imitating the words they hear from the people around them (people.umass.edu 4). They may have difficulty at first to pronounce the words correctly, but as time goes by, they acquire the correct pronunciation of the words. O’Grady and Sook, however, argue that children do not just imitate, they make their own rules based on what they observe from adults (OGrady and Sook 327). This theory is proven by a common feature of small child’s language, which is the presence of grammatical mistakes. An example of this is when kids say â€Å"goed† instead of â€Å"went† or â€Å"gooder† instead of â€Å"better.† Children might not have heard these words but have concluded that they were the right words to say based on their observation of the speech of those who surround them. There are two patterns in the child word learning, namely the referential and the expressive (pandora.ci.wwu.edu). Referential are the names of objects such as â€Å"dog† or â€Å"toy,† while expressive are the personal desires and social interactions such as â€Å"hi† or â€Å"good.† This characteristic reflects how parents are very influential in the first language acquisition of children. It is essential that when kids make a grammatical error, they should be corrected. Another characteristic of the language of small children is the deletion of unstressed syllables and the retention of stressed syllables in their pronunciation (OGrady and Sook 332). This is because the stressed syllables are more noticeable than the unstressed ones. An example cited by O’Grady and Sook is â€Å"kangaroo† which is often pronounced as â€Å"wu† and â€Å"telephone† which may be pronounced by a child as â€Å"fow† (333). From this feature of a child’s language, it can be said that their â€Å"ability to perceive the phonemic contrasts of their language develops well in advance of their ability to

Lawrence of Arabia Write Up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lawrence of Arabia Write Up - Essay Example tes, â€Å"History hardly offers a clearer case of a man born for a mission, of a life moving along a path pointed out by fate-even though twists in its course may have hid the direction.†(Hart, 1989, p, 3) In this article, the issues and incidents relating to the meritorious rise of Lawrence from a helping hand in the Military Headquarters of British, to an extraordinary leader, who led by example, is discussed. Apart from his military adventures, the account of his skilful role as a negotiator for the Arab interests with the Western Powers is also given. This man was appreciated by no less a person than Sir Winston Churchill, the then Prime Minister of Great Britain. He possessed excellent literary skills. The synopsis of the story goes thus. Lawrence is content to call him an ‘ordinary man’, but all extraordinary personalities are modest in saying thus about themselves. Born in Tremadoc, Wales, in 1888, Thomas Edward - known as Ned - was the second of five illegitimate boys. Sir Thomas Chapman fell in love with the family governess, Sarah Junner, left his first marriage, took a new name of Lawrence and remained unwed. â€Å"School†, he said later, â€Å"was an irrelevant and time-wasting nuisance, which I hated and condemned.†(Hart, 1989, p, 4)He appreciated the practical life and remained ever ready to face its harsh realities. Lawrence family settled in Oxford, and here Ned got the opportunity to go to school and university. As a youth his latent love for history and travel found outward manifestation, and he took fascination to explore castles and old churches. A study trip took him to Syria, where he walked over a thousand miles. He studied remote Crusader castles. After graduation, he decided to become an archaeologist. His thesis for his finals was: The Influence of the Crusades on European Military Architecture - to the end of the XII century. He arrived to the Middle East, to work in an excavation site in Carchemish from 1910-1914, in northern part

The Concept of Status Consumption With Regard to How a Marketer Might Essay

The Concept of Status Consumption With Regard to How a Marketer Might be Able to Use Status to Market a Specific Brand or Product Type - Essay Example People with high degree of honour in society are simply referred to have status. Logically, people with high social status have much recognition than people with low social status. In this direction, there are people who believe that real success in life has to do with the attainment of status. Regrettably though, Waytz (2009) observes that the eagerness to acquire social status leads to aggressive and self-defeating behaviour. However, once achieved, becoming a person of status or class live its ‘benefactors’ with a conventional ways of life. One of these conventional ways of life has to do with what these people with social status consume: thus status consumption. As there become a pedigree of standard placed on the kind of purchases people with status consume, marketing as an industry also become a benefactor if well harnessed with status consumption (Haruna, 2003). What is Status consumption? Schertz et al (2007) argue that status consumption has to do with the †Å"intent of showing off wealth to others when the good is publicly consumed – ranging from applying an expensive lipstick in public to driving an expensive car† (p. 2). ... As Maiese (2004), notes in Harold (1983, 113), there could be several reasons accounting for why people would consume conspicuously but the most outstanding reason could be due to the fact that â€Å" most societies do have some form of social hierarchy with some people in stronger, more dominant positions, and other people in weaker, lower positions.† So in other for the one-time ‘ordinary’ person to be noticed and accorded necessary social respect, he or she would then resort to status consumption. Again, with the blame still going to society as the cause of status consumption, it would be in place to argue that society expects people occupying certain positions to live within a certain conventional class. To this effect society always want to see people such as politicians, music icons, movie stars and sports personalities own certain property, that are tagged as expensive or of class. These are the major reasons why status consumption continues to exist among both the one-time ‘ordinary’ person and the so-called people with status. There are people who presume that status consumption automatically leads to social status acquisition. This is of course another reason why people resort to status consumption. To such people, there is a level of benefit to them. Nobel Laureate economist, John Harsanyi, said that â€Å"apart from economic payoffs, social status seems to be the most important incentive and motivating force of social behavior† (Waytz, 2009). For this reason, people who succumb to status consumption with the hope of gaining social status get a level of psychological satisfaction of the presumed lens with which society sees them. Empirical Scenarios of Status Consumption One group of people

Do cultural differences influence HRM practices Research Paper - 1

Do cultural differences influence HRM practices - Research Paper Example It is worth mentioning the Human Resource Management (HRMs) department is the overall department in most organizations hence the best suited in ensuring that the cultural differences have been utilize and observed as required (Edwards, et al., 2003). Concept Culture Actually, the influence of culture on the Human Resource Management practice must have emanated from concept of culture. Basically, culture denotes the understanding that is mostly held by a specific group of people. Additionally, culture gives more explanation on the assumptions and understanding that are used to give these guidelines in relation to accepting or refuting the perception feelings though and behavior that they have learnt from their fore fathers. Of importance to note is that, culture is passed over through social interactions and is further known to change over time. Similarly, different cultures have existed since time in memorial. In fact, the concept of culture has been documented as having been tested by the ancient employers who were more interested with ensuring that their organizations were running smoothly (Krishnamurthi, 2006). In this regard, the importance of culture cannot be ignored in any practice that relates to Human Resource Management (HRMs). ... According to Evans, 2009 the existence of a created culture particularly by employees ensures that the management of any organization is effective. Moreover, it argues that created culture manipulate how employees perceive, think, act and feel in relation to reality of culture. Created culture plays a significant role in ensuring that there is effective interpretation, selection and communication of information through ways that are meaningful to the employees. Rao, 2004 articulates that the means of understanding organization culture highly depend on the initial assumption of employees in a given organization. These assumptions include national cultural values and beliefs although there are others that still contribute towards this concept. Never the less, sociologist have continually argued that culture does not comprise of individual and their characteristics but it comprises of a group of persons brought together by similar education and life experiences. Consequently, group cult ure defines a collective mental programming that is shared by the entire group. Additionally, it demonstrates the kind of programming that is not found in any other group or nation. For instance, it is argued that most countries use culture that is far much different to other countries. Organization Culture Apparently, organizational culture had no absolute definition. However, organization culture can simply be defined as the culture that is practiced by employees and others stakeholders in any given organization. In essence, any organization must operate with the assistance of employees who ensure that every operation in the organization is working effectively. Scholars reckon that organizations are basically shells which must be filled by a team of

Dwight D Eisenhower Contributions towards the USA Revolution Research Paper

Dwight D Eisenhower Contributions towards the USA Revolution - Research Paper Example Later on in life, he was married and had a family of two sons, serving as the Chief of Staff in the Army during the presidency of Harry Truman. He ventured into politics in 1952 and won with a clear majority defeating Democrat candidate Adlai Stevenson, himself being a Republican. During his reign as the United States President, he oversaw many political and social changes with the help of Richard Nixon his Vice President. In his presidency the implementation of the Highway Act cannot be overlooked and its importance in the transformation of American infrastructure and commerce. The country before his reign president had experienced great transformations in the automobile sector and ownership of cars had increased necessitating new and well-maintained roads. His National System of the Interstate and defense Highways was a great innovation that helped in the transformation of America (Bennett 451). The new highway system, arguably the greatest public works project to be engaged in Ame rica in its History, aided the speed of transport. However, every great side has a dark shadow and so did his noble idea. The great highway system is directly linked to hindering growth of cities, destruction of neighborhoods, and greatly hurt the environment. The great Interstate Highway system had elements of being helpful and at the same time destructive as has been argued by historian Evan Bennett who raised a question as to whether the highways were to ruin or highways to heaven.The highway was constructed in pursuant to the 1956 Federal Act.... The highway was constructed in pursuant to the 1956 Federal Act on aid to highways, following major campaigns by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The highway forms the second longest road in the world with its present day 47,182 miles its first phase having taken 35 years for construction. The need for the highway at that time was rife following the unsafe roads that had numerous accidents and had recorded high numbers of deaths than before its inception. The President’s quest to have the road constructed was reinforced by the defense part, as there were great fears of the Cold War (Mumford 234). His belief and support for construction of new highways is traced back to 1919 when he joined the first United States Army’s Cross-Country Motor Transport Train. The team was on a mission to learn how motor vehicles would cross the country (Whitman 70). He attributed his vision of the highway from Germany, which had made him see the wisdom of broader ribbons across America inste ad of two-lane highways (Murphy 50). Dwight D. Eisenhower took immediate action upon assuming office, writing a proposal to Congress on the creation of transcontinental highway system (Murphy 50). He signed the act on highways into law on June 26, 1956 that provide for federal government funding of the project to a tune of 90%. The states in this case contributed only 10% of the funding. The immediate negative effects of the construction were the increases in gasoline and tire taxes to fund the project (Faber 26). The highway also saw the first standardization across states in America making the roads less dangerous than before the inception of the highway (Frissell 2). The highway system did not benefit the transport sector only, but had other economic effects on different sectors. Faster

The Life and Times of William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

The Life and Times of William Shakespeare Essay Shakespeare is widely regarded as the world’s greatest playwright, and there’s no real reason to dispute that. People are still seeing his plays 400 years after he wrote them, not because it’s â€Å"trendy† or â€Å"hip,† but because they’re so good. His insight into the human spirit has never been equaled. This paper is a brief biography of Shakespeare and a discussion of the times in which he lived. Discussion His life: It’s somewhat difficult to find factual information about Shakespeare, because the â€Å"first attempts at biographical research were not begun until over half a century after Shakespeare’s death† (Best, 2005). In addition, there were few biographies written of important persons at this time, especially dramatists, since plays were not considered â€Å"serious literature† (Best, 2005). In addition, the Puritans closed the theaters in 1642, and many manuscripts and other records were lost (Best, 2005). It also doesn’t help that there are numerous spellings of his name. Nevertheless, scholars have pieced together a fairly complete picture of his life, and where facts are not known, they have drawn reasonable inferences (Best, 2005). However, the fact remains that much of what we know is based on indirect information. William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon some time in April, 1564, the son of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden (Hanna Life). Although there is no record of the exact date of his birth, there is a baptismal record at the church, so most scholars put his birthday as the 23rd of April, 1564 (Hanna Life). John Shakespeare was a â€Å"prominent and prosperous alderman† in Stratford, and was â€Å"granted a coat of arms by the College of Heralds† (Hanna Life). Little is known of Shakespeare’s boyhood but it is believed that he probably attended the â€Å"Stratford Grammar School† (Hanna Life). There is no record of him having gone on to either Oxford or Cambridge, both of which were well established by his time (Hanna Life). Shakespeare’s name turns up next in 1582 when he marries Anne Hathaway, some eight years his senior (Hanna Life). Their daughter Susanna was born in 1583 and twins, Judith and Hamnet, were born in 1585 (Hanna Life). Once again Shakespeare disappears from the records and doesn’t turn up again for seven years, by which time he is â€Å"recognized as an actor, poet and playwright† (Hanna Life). His recognition comes in the form of an insult from a rival, Robert Greene, who calls Shakespeare â€Å"an upstart crow† in his (Greene’s) play, A Groatsworth of Wit (Hanna Life). It’s thought that at about this time (1592) Shakespeare joined an acting troupe known as The Lord Chamberlain’s Men, one of the best in London (Hanna Life). The troupe leased the theater (named, unoriginally, â€Å"The Theatre†) where they performed; they lost the lease in 1599 (Hanna Life). By this time, though, the troupe had enough money to build their own theater, across the Thames on the less fashionable South Bank; this new theater was, of course, The Globe (Hanna Life). The Globe opened in July, 1599, with some of the old timbers salvaged from The Theatre used in its construction (Hanna Life). The Globe featured â€Å"Totus mundus agit histrionem (A whole world of players)† as its motto (Hanna Life). When James I ascended the throne in 1603, the company changed its name to the â€Å"King’s Men† or â€Å"King’s Company† (Hanna Life). The company’s instructions, conveyed to them in Letters Patent, told Shakespeare and eight other company members specifically to â€Å"use and exercise the art and faculty of playing Comedies, Tragedies, Histories, Interludes, Morals, Pastorals, stage plays as well for recreation of our loving subjects as for our solace and pleasure (Hanna Life). Things went well for the newly-christened King’s Men for another ten years, until 1613 (Hanna Life). Then, on June 19, a cannon fired from the theater’s roof during a â€Å"gala performance of Henry VIII† set the Globe’s thatched roof on fire and the theater burned to the ground (Hanna Life). The audience was so absorbed in the play that at first they ignored the fire, but when the walls and curtains went up, they surely must have run (Hanna Life). By some miracle â€Å"there were no casualties, and the next spring the company had the theatre ‘new builded in a far fairer manner than before’ (Hanna Life). Shakespeare â€Å"invested in the rebuilding† effort, but by that time he had retired to Stratford, to the â€Å"Great House of New Place† that he’d bought in 1597 (Hanna Life). There were considerable land holdings associated with the house, and Shakespeare remained there, where he continued to write, until his death in 1616 (Hanna Life). Ironically, he died on his alleged birthday, April 23 (Hanna). He was 52. Although he died at what we would consider a young age, he left behind a body of work that has made him immortal, and continues to light up theaters around the world. His Times: The world 400 years ago is often seen as romantic and noble, but it was brutal, unsanitary and often terrifying. We’re familiar with a lot of the history of the time through films and TV shows; a movie about Elizabeth I was released recently. Shakespeare lived at a time of political upheaval and court intrigue, as well as a time of exploration. For example, a man named John Hawkins sailed to the New World a second time in 1561 (Hanna Times). Trips like this were dangerous and daring, but also yielded treasure and more importantly, lands for the Crown. From 1577-1580 â€Å"Francis Proke sailed around the world† (Hanna Times). In 1586 when he was 22, Mary Queen of Scots was tried for treason and executed the following year (Hanna Times). And in 1588 one of the greatest events in English history took place: the English under the command of Queen Elizabeth I defeated the Spanish invasion fleet known as the Armada (Hanna Times). Unfortunately, this was also the time of the great plagues; plague swept through London in 1592-93, necessitating the closure of the theaters; plague struck again in 1603 (Hanna). This was also the year that Elizabeth I died and James IV, King of Scotland became James I of England (Hanna Times). It was at this point that the â€Å"Lord Chamberlain’s Men† became the â€Å"King’s Men†; James I liked the theater and was a writer himself, publishing works on such subjects and witchcraft and â€Å"the divine right of kings† (Best-James I, 2005). In 1605, the â€Å"Gunpowder Plot† was hatched and Guy Fawkes lead a group of Catholics in an attempt to assassinate James and blow up Parliament (Hanna – Times). The English still celebrate â€Å"Guy Fawkes Day. † As we saw, the Globe burned down in 1613 by which time Shakespeare had returned to Stratford. He lived only another three years.

Philosophy as Metaphysics Essay Example for Free

Philosophy as Metaphysics Essay ABSTRACT: Philosophy works with special types of objects: the totalities. The basic characteristics of this type of object are their metaphysical, transcendental, and total character. The character of these objects determines the specificity of language and the methods of philosophy. The language of philosophy represents symbolic language; speculation is the basic method of philosophy. On the one hand, objects of this type emphasis homo sapien as essences capable of constructing such objects, which in turn assumes the ability of human consciousness to make synthetic acts. On the basis of philosophy as metaphysics, an original approach is offered which divides the history of philosophy into periods as well as providing analysis of different philosophical systems. Feature of philosophical activity, as against a science, is the work with special, not physical objects — the totalities, which are constituted by the philosopher. One of such objects is the world, and, in this sense, we often say, that philosophy is a wel-tanschauung (world-outlook) . Certainly, the world as some set of things can be studied by physics (sciences in a broad sense), but in this case a researcher can miss the point that the world is a totality, not just a simple set of things. As distinct from scientific study the philosophy takes its objects as the totalities, which the subject of knowledge cannot study as ordinary objects, because the including the learning subject character of these the totalities excludes any standard scientific approach to knowledge in principle. Others examples of the above mentioned objects (the totalities) are Ego and God. Objects of this type (with some reservations) are a lot of human being phenomena, such as love, virtue, conscience, courage, bravery, understanding and so on. All these objects are those, that the precise fixing of objective criteria of their existence is impossible, it is impossible to create the high-grade theory of these phenomena (for example, theory of love or bravery), as they assume not only objective Contemplator (as it occurs in case of objects of scientific knowledge), but also postulate the Actor inside them, that causes essentially twinkling way of them being. (2) Exactly the character of these objects determined essential features of the philosophizing as metaphysical activity. The underlining of metaphysical character of philosophy objects dictates the special procedures of work with them, distinct from of methods of scientific knowledge. Metaphysical objects — constructs cannot be given in frameworks of physical experience; the study — constructing of these objects occurs by a way of thinking means, procedures of speculation. That is why the one of the most typical mistakes in the researching of these objects is procedures of naturalization metaphysical objects, i. e. consideration of natural (physical) analogs of these objects. For example, instead of work with the world (the world as totality) we consider the world as some sets of physical, chemical, biological etc. objects, and instead of the analysis of phenomenon of consciousness proper as metaphysical object the natural analog of consciousness — brain or mentality of the particular human being, we examine. Specifying the status of these objects, it is possible to tell, that the subject of the philosophy activity are metaphysical-transcendental objects, i. e. objects having the boundary status of their existence. The boundary character of these objects allows to specify Kantian distinction sensible phenomena and transcendent things in itself. Moreover, metaphysical-transcendental objects are located on border of other known distinctions of classical philosophy. (3) They are, for example, not subjective and not objective, not conscious and not material. It is interesting in this respect appearance of the first proper philosophical category of being, which, in fact, was entered Parmenid`s as boundary metaphysical-transcendental object being-thinking (in this case, alongside with Parmenid`s postulating his first thesis, entering a category of being, presence of the second his thesis, establishing the coincidence of an entered category of being with another category — the category of thinking). In some sense, metaphysical-transcendental objects are Husserl`s phenomenal, from which as a result of procedures of objectivizing and (or) subjectivizing the subjects and objects can be received, i. e. is entered subjective-objective distinction of New time. On the other hand, the boundary character of these objects allows still to work with them ( I specially avoid the term to learn, as far as these procedures are applied only for work with usual objects). Above this mode of working with them was named as speculation, which, as a result, the construction of these objects to occur by a way of thinking means. The creation such thinking construct is caused by that the person aspires to understand mode of functioning of the totalities, which surround him. And just this phenomenon of surprise before presence of such totalities is a beginning and basic nerve of philosophy. In this sense, philosophizing is possible only as an act of work of the beings, capable to postulate these totalities, due to synthetic acts (Kant), as being, perceiving the environmental world not in itself, but by means of symbolical function (Cassirer), through a prism of the transformed forms (Marx, Mamardaschvili). Another important characteristic of metaphysical objects is their total-making nature. It means, that the purpose of designing such objects is the attempt of understanding of some phenomenon of totality (for example, the world as whole, totality) in light of a question how (why) this phenomenon is possible?. The answer to this question assumes revealing mechanism of existence of this phenomenon. That is why it is important for the philosopher not to know some common aspect, that is allowed at a level of the primary, superficial description of it and other similar objects, but to know general (total) principle of functioning of objects of this type. For example, if a row of the plane polygons is given to us, a triangle(4) will act as general principle of this variety, because all others plane polygons can be given with the help of a triangle. Thus, philosophical constructs act as transcendental condition of seeing of other physical objects. That the phenomenon of seeing of a house was possible as some totality, it is necessary to postulate a row of transcendental conditions of this phenomenon, among them we can allocate necessity being of the house (Parmenid), recognition (and taking shape) this being by means of idea of home (Plato), fixing the house as an object of perception by some subject (Decartes) within spatial-temporary a priory forms of sensuality (Kant). On the other hand, a row of such philosophical constructs define a horizon, a way of seeing of subjects (Wittgenstein), associated with a certain epoch. For example, the mentioned above transcendental conditions of a phenomenon of seeing of a house define a way of seeing of subjects within the framework of classical philosophy. In this sense these constructs act as total-necessary cultural machines, that set the cultural way of living activity of the person and made imperceptible but essential background of his existence. For example, when a modern man looks at star sky, he sees not simply separate stars, but constellations — and it is impossible to explain to a person from other culture (and the more so, being, which is not having ability to the synthetic acts). Moreover, developing this example with constructing of constellations, it is possible to tell, that exactly it has made possible occurrence of such activity as an astrology. The above mentioned metaphysical character of philosophy objects causes the specification of the language and methods philosophizing. The language of philosophy has not signal, but symbolical character. Lets stop on it hardly more in detail. Already science differs from the common sense description, because it uses some abstraction, ideal elements, which, in a common case, it is impossible to compare any certain objects of the physical validity. For example, as D. Gilbert says, in mathematics, those are language fictions, and one of the main problems of a substantiation of mathematics is either an exception these fictions, or imposing some certain restrictions — all that prevent the appearance of negative consequences, while using language fictions. Any language works with signs, besides that, any theory deals with mentioned language fictions (=  «symbols »), i. e. such kinds of signs, with which nothing corresponds in sensible reality. For example, in physics has concepts a material point, an absolutely black body, etc. They are often called as abstract — ideal objects, which turn out by a way of abstraction (idealization) from any properties of real physical objects. But in physics there are and more fictitious objects: cwarcks, for example, which not only is evident not imagine, but also until last time have acted only as theoretical constructs essentially of unobservable nature. In this case we can postulate a metaphysical mode of existence for these objects. It is important to emphasize, that these metaphysical objects do not exist in the same sense, as it is for the particular objects of a physical reality, such as table, chair,etc. The majority of the philosophy terms, its categorical apparatus have such symbolical character. It is impossible to give any referents of philosophical categories inside a physical reality. We can take as an example of such philosophical categories as being, consciousness etc. , for which we can somehow find certain physical analogues (for example, for a philosophical category  «being  » such analogue is the category  «substance » or matter). But there are more humanitarian objects connected with some features of a human being way, for which in general there are no analogues in a nature. These are, for example, concepts virtue, conscience, love, debt, bravery This specification of the philosophy language, which symbols indicate an existence of a special metaphysical dimension of a reality could be expressed by Kantian exclamation Excuse me, but it is not, what I speak about (mean)! in reply to German poet Schiller`s misunderstanding his categorical imperative. The metaphysical character of the categorical philosophical apparatus predetermines also specification of philosophical reasoning. The postulated non-sense character of perception of objects of the filosophizing assumes the special procedures of work, which were above characterized as a procedure of speculation. The main difficulty thus — is absence of a support on sensible analogy, which often helps us in daily life. The structure a reasoning about pure being (or conscience) is principle different from the reasoning about a tree, or a sex, or other objects of the physical world. Danger, which here waits us — influence of our vital experience, influence sensible hooks, which can destroy the ability for the reflex and philosophical analysis. To explain the idea about involuntary influence ours sensible apparatus, M. Mamardaschvili in the lectures about M. Proust, used as an example biblical commandment when they beat you on the one cheek — put another one as a vivid example of inhibition (Husserl`s  «phenomenological reduction ») of a standard human reaction (reflex), imposed to us by sense-figurative thinking (if somebody hearts you — reply with the same). Moreover, it is possible, that some other logic operates in area of speculative objects, distinct from usual, earthly logic. In particular, according to opinion of the Russian philosopher and the logic N. A. Vasiljev, validity of the logic law of excluded third, has purely earthly an origin and it is connected with primacy, after Aristotle, of individual existing things. (5) If we, following Plato, consider classes of subjects as primary (for instance, subject a class of tables), the law of excluded third will be incorrect, as the table as one of set of subjects of a class of tables can be simultaneously both white and non-white (in instance, green). Of course, here it is necessary to realize, that the opposite properties are attributed to the different individuals of primary subject — different things of the same class). The transfer of the point of view from single objects to classes of objects has allowed N. Vasiljev to formulate imagined logic with the law of excluded fourth. This logic in anything does not concede on its parameters to our habitual logic with the law of excluded third, but expands opportunities of our thinking. Within the framework of this logic the paradoxical coincidence between maximum and minimum, revealed Nikolaj from Kuza, does not cause surprise. The only acceptable procedure for understanding of philosophical categories within of some philosophical framework is the correlation of the different speculative (metaphysics) objects with the help of a method language game.